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Where does U.S. import its petroleum from?
In 2020, the United States imported about 7.86 million barrels per day (MMb/d) of petroleum from about 80 countries. Petroleum includes crude oil, hydrocarbon gas liquids, refined petroleum products such as gasoline and diesel fuel, and biofuels (including ethanol and biodiesel). Crude oil imports of about 5.88 MMb/d accounted for about 75% of U.S. total gross petroleum imports in 2020, and non-crude oil petroleum accounted for about 25% of U.S. total gross petroleum imports.
In 2020, the United States exported about 8.50 MMb/d of petroleum to about 174 countries and 4 U.S. territories. Crude oil exports of about 3.21 MMb/d accounted for 38% of total U.S. gross petroleum exports in 2020. The resulting total net petroleum imports (imports minus exports) were about -0.63 MMb/d in 2020, which means that the United States was a net petroleum exporter of 0.63 MMb/d in 2020.
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Russia’s attack on Ukraine helped push the price of oil to over $100 a barrel for the first time since 2014. Here’s how rising oil costs could further boost inflation across the U.S. economy. Photo illustration: Todd Johnson
Rising energy prices have bedeviled Mr. Biden throughout most of his first year in office, sidetracking his legislative agenda. So far, his responses have had mixed results.
As gas prices rose ahead of the Thanksgiving holiday weekend, Mr. Biden coordinated with five other countries to tap government reserves and put an estimated 70 million barrels onto world markets. After a brief decline, prices were on the rise again by late January.
“These have very limited impact,” James West, an analyst at the advisory firm Evercore ISI, said of the release from emergency reserves.
A week before tapping the reserve, Mr. Biden also asked the Federal Trade Commission to investigate whether oil companies were participating in illegal conduct aimed at keeping gasoline prices high.
The American Petroleum Institute called the request a “distraction from the fundamental market shift that is taking place.” An FTC spokeswoman declined to comment on the investigation.
The industry trade group on Thursday condemned Russia’s attack and said U.S. oil companies have a role to play supporting the U.S. and European allies.
“Our industry is committed to working with the administration to do everything possible to minimize any impacts on U.S. consumers while supporting our allies overseas,” Mike Sommers, API’s leader, said in a statement.
Oil industry leaders have previously criticized Mr. Biden for pushing a transition to cleaner energy at a time when the world is still dependent on fossil fuels. They say the president instead needs to support continued development of oil and gas resources to ensure ample supplies of energy.
Environmentalists and many Democrats say the solution is instead to accelerate the transition to electric vehicles along with other steps to reduce U.S. dependence on fossil fuels that contribute to climate change.
Neither option offers a quick solution.
Even at higher crude prices, investors have pressured U.S. oil companies to slow production growth and return cash to shareholders rather than pump it back into drilling. And companies in the oil fields of Texas, New Mexico and North Dakota have tapped many of their best wells, further limiting their ability to revive the breakneck growth of the 2010s.
Transitioning to cleaner forms of energy will take years. Even recent rapid growth in wind, solar and other forms of clean power wasn’t enough to keep up with demand and avoid the crisis of rising prices that started last year.
And while electric vehicles sales are rising, making up roughly 7% of sales globally, auto industry analysts say an expansion of charging stations and financial incentives are needed to persuade more people to buy electric vehicles. What’s more, a faster transformation of the auto market would put even more pressure on a faltering electric grid that still relies on fossil fuels.
Democrats facing re-election in the 50-50 divided Senate have proposed a temporary halt to the country’s gasoline tax to help consumers. But the idea has failed to gain any sign of support from congressional leaders, amid skepticism from members of both parties that it would be effective.
“In the short run the president is in a difficult situation,” said Bob McNally, who served as an energy adviser to President George W. Bush and is now an analyst at Rapidan Energy Group. “All his options are bad.”
The problem has its roots in a recovering global economy that caused oil demand to outpace production growth, which had stalled out during the pandemic. As a result, gasoline prices have jumped roughly 50% since Mr. Biden’s inauguration.
That helped obstruct the president’s signature $2 trillion social- and climate-spending proposal in Congress. Sen. Joe Manchin (D., W.Va.) cited inflation—fed by energy prices—as a key reason he couldn’t give his deciding vote for the package in an equally divided Senate.
In a Wall Street Journal survey late last year, a plurality of voters, some 39%, said Mr. Biden’s policies were the main cause of rising prices. His aides have now spent months considering how to respond.
Last year the administration considered U.S. export bans to boost domestic energy supplies, and sought unsuccessfully to get OPEC nations to pump more oil, before deciding to tap the petroleum reserve.
U.S. officials have resumed their diplomacy in light of the Ukraine crisis, working in recent weeks to find suppliers who can help blunt European allies’ reliance on Russian oil and natural gas.
Russia is the world’s third-largest oil producer, responsible for more than 10% of global supply, according U.S. Energy Information Administration data. Its exports account for 7% of the world market, half of that going into Europe, according to analysts at Raymond James.
“Some disruption is all but certain,” the analysts said.
The U.S. imported record volumes of Russian oil in 2021, according to the EIA, after sanctions pushed Gulf Coast refiners to pivot from dense Venezuelan crude.
How should President Biden approach rising oil prices?
The world’s reliance on Russian oil has made Biden administration officials hesitant to deploy any sanctions against Russia that would mean a jump in energy prices, U.S. officials have said.
So far, sanctions have stopped short of measures that could curtail oil and gas exports from Russia, and officials aim to ensure any response is one that hurts the Russian economy more than it causes collateral damage for U.S. consumers and Europeans, officials have said.
One of Mr. Biden’s tactics has been to re-engage with Saudi Arabia, one of the world’s few remaining sources of spare capacity. Mr. Biden called King Salman in February to discuss in part “ensuring the stability of global energy supplies,” the White House said.
But the kingdom and other Persian Gulf producers have so far rebuffed Mr. Biden’s repeated demands to pump more. In their call, King Salman told the president it was important for Saudi Arabia to stick to its five-year-old oil alliance between the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries and Russia, which is pursuing more-measured increases.
Mr. Furman said that the Obama administration faced similar political pressure to take action when oil prices hit $100 a barrel in 2014, but concluded that its policy options were limited. Prices fell on their own while the Obama administration was studying its policy options, he said.
Source: Wall Street Journal
